Jisook Lee, Do Kyun Kim, Jin-Tae Kim, Jae Yoon Na, Bobae Park, Soo In Jeong, June Dong Park, Sung Phil Chung, Tae-Youn Kim, Youdong Sohn, Gyuhong Shim, Young Hwa Jung, Yunhee Oh, Chun Song Youn, Mi Jin Lee, Chang Hee Lee, Youngbin Jang, Yong Soo Jang, Gyu Chong Cho, Kyoung-Chul Cha, Ju Sun Heo, Sung Oh Hwang
Clin Exp Emerg Med 2026;13(Suppl 1):S101-S114. Published online May 31, 2026
Pediatric cardiac arrest primarily arises from asphyxia in infants and trauma in older children, contrasting with adult etiologies dominated by cardiac events. This underscores prevention as the cornerstone of pediatric basic life support, through injury mitigation like child restraint systems and water supervision, safe sleep practices including supine positioning on firm surfaces with caregiver smoking cessation to reduce sudden infant death syndrome, plus awareness of child abuse and adolescent suicide prevention. In hospitals, pediatric early warning systems (PEWS) enable early deterioration detection via vital sign scoring for timely intervention. Major updates in the 2025 pediatric basic life support guidelines reflect evidence-driven refinements. First, hospitals should implement PEWS to prompt rapid response teams for at-risk inpatients. Second, all rescuers (lay and healthcare providers) should employ the two-thumb encircling hands technique for infant chest compressions for optimal depth (about 4 cm), rate (100–120/min), and recoil; one-hand heel compression serves as backup if infeasible. Third, lay rescuers may apply automated external defibrillators for nontraumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in children aged 1 year or older, prioritizing prompt attachment after initial cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) cycles to address potential shockable rhythms. Fourth, for infant foreign body airway obstruction, alternate five back blows (over the spine between scapulae) with five chest thrusts (using heel-of-hand on sternum) until cleared or unresponsive, then transition to CPR. These updates aim to enhance bystander intervention, CPR quality, and survival with favorable neurologic outcomes in pediatric cardiac arrest.
Do Kyun Kim, Jin-Tae Kim, Jae Yoon Na, Bobae Park, Jisook Lee, Soo In Jeong, June Dong Park, Sung Phil Chung, Tae-Youn Kim, Youdong Sohn, Gyuhong Shim, Young Hwa Jung, Yunhee Oh, Chun Song Youn, Mi Jin Lee, Chang Hee Lee, Youngbin Jang, Yong Soo Jang, Gyu Chong Cho, Kyoung-Chul Cha, Ju Sun Heo, Sung Oh Hwang
Clin Exp Emerg Med 2026;13(Suppl 1):S115-S141. Published online May 31, 2026
The 2025 Korean pediatric advanced life support guideline update introduces clinically important revisions emphasizing airway strategy, physiologic resuscitation targets, post–cardiac arrest hemodynamics, neuroprotection, and extracorporeal support. In out-of-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest, bag-mask ventilation is now suggested over endotracheal intubation or supraglottic airway placement. In in-hospital arrest, evidence is insufficient to favor bag-mask ventilation versus advanced airways; however, endotracheal intubation or supraglottic airway insertion is reasonable when performed with minimal interruption or when bag-mask ventilation is ineffective. For patients with an advanced airway in place, age-adjusted ventilation rates are proposed to avoid hypoventilation and hyperventilation: 30/min (<1 yr), 20–30/min (1–8 yr), and 10–20/min (8–18 yr in healthcare settings). When invasive arterial monitoring is available during in-hospital cardiac arrest, target diastolic blood pressure is ≥25 mmHg in infants and ≥30 mmHg in children ≥1 year. After return of spontaneous circulation, systolic blood pressure during the first 6 hours should be maintained above the age-specific 10th percentile. Neuroprognostication should be multimodal, incorporating serial examinations, electroencephalography (up to 72 hours), early computed tomography (<24 hours), magnetic resonance imaging (72 hours to 2 weeks), lactate trends, and pupillary reflexes. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is limited to appropriately resourced hospitals and may be considered for selected in-hospital arrests (e.g., cardiac disease) unresponsive to conventional CPR; evidence remains insufficient for out-of-hospital use. These revisions shift pediatric resuscitation toward physiology-guided, resource-stratified, and neuroprotective care.
Yunhee Oh, Youdong Sohn, Mi Jin Lee, Sang-Hoon Na, Jundong Moon, Heeje Yun, Hoon Jung, Chang Hee Lee, Sung Phil Chung, Do Kyun Kim, Tae-Youn Kim, Gyuhong Shim, Young Hwa Jung, Chun Song Youn, Jisook Lee, Youngbin Jang, Yong Soo Jang, Gyu Chong Cho, Kyoung-Chul Cha, Ju Sun Heo, Sung Oh Hwang
Clin Exp Emerg Med 2026;13(Suppl 1):S169-S184. Published online May 31, 2026
The 2025 Korean education and system implementation guidelines were updated using a structured evidence evaluation process and recent systematic reviews. The guidelines present a comprehensive update that aims to bridge the gap between educational theory and clinical performance and emphasize the transition toward high-fidelity, field-based training environments through the implementation of in situ simulation and rapid cycle deliberate practice to foster automaticity in high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and team coordination. The integration of real-time feedback devices during training and the adoption of structured “hot” and “cold” debriefing to maximize learning outcomes are critical shifts in this update. Furthermore, these guidelines enhance teamwork competency by recommending the integration of a dedicated CPR coach within the hospital code team. Despite acknowledging the potential of digital health, a cautious approach toward gamified and blended learning is maintained. The guidelines prioritize face-to-face instruction to ensure psychomotor proficiency. From a policy perspective, the 2025 update removes the prehospital termination of resuscitation criteria in alignment with domestic legal constraints and social consensus. In addition to context-based training strategies within hospitals, we discussed the mandatory age for CPR training. We also added recommendations to address the “decoupling” between high automated external defibrillator awareness and low bystander utilization rates in the prehospital setting. In conclusion, the 2025 Korean guidelines emphasize repetitive, evidence-based educational methods and systematic policy refinements to enhance resuscitation quality and survival outcomes across clinical and community settings.
Yong Soo Jang, Gyu Chong Cho, Youngsuk Cho, Sun Gyoung Na, Do Kyun Kim, Tae-Youn Kim, Youdong Sohn, Gyuhong Shim, Young Hwa Jung, Yunhee Oh, Chun Song Youn, Mi Jin Lee, Jisook Lee, Chang Hee Lee, Youngbin Jang, Sung Phil Chung, Kyoung-Chul Cha, Ju Sun Heo, Sung Oh Hwang
Clin Exp Emerg Med 2026;13(Suppl 1):S18-S31. Published online May 31, 2026
The 2025 Korean basic life support guidelines are evidence-based treatment recommendations for basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The 2025 guidelines recommend that after checking the response of a patient suspected of cardiac arrest, call 119 (emergency medical services) immediately and request an automated external defibrillator (AED) before performing procedures to confirm cardiac arrest, such as checking breathing. There is currently insufficient evidence into the clinical effectiveness of dispatcher actively instructing individuals who report an emergency to retrieve and use an AED, but one observational study reported an increase in some survival rates. The guidelines recommend that lay rescuers and emergency medical personnel who have been trained in and are willing to perform artificial ventilation should apply standard CPR including artificial ventilation, and that lay rescuers who are not trained in or do not want to perform artificial ventilation should perform compression-only CPR. The guidelines emphasize high-quality CPR, including effective chest compressions and ventilation. The application of a rapid AED is continuously emphasized, and the anterolateral positioning method is recommended as a priority for ease of application. Healthcare workers are recommended to perform standard CPR with a compression to ventilation ratio of 30:2 for patients suspected of having a high-risk pathogen infection and to wear appropriate personal protective equipment, including a mask or respirator appropriate for the suspected pathogen, gloves, a gown, and eye protection.
Ju Sun Heo, Young Hwa Jung, Ai-Rhan Ellen Kim, Gyuhong Shim, Su Jin Cho, Jung Hyun Lee, Hyun-Joo Seol, Gi-Su Lee, Ah-Young Oh, Hye Jin Myung, Sung Phil Chung, Do Kyun Kim, Tae-Youn Kim, Youdong Sohn, Yunhee Oh, Chun Song Youn, Mi Jin Lee, Jisook Lee, Chang Hee Lee, Youngbin Jang, Yong Soo Jang, Gyu Chong Cho, Kyoung-Chul Cha, Sung Oh Hwang
Clin Exp Emerg Med 2026;13(Suppl 1):S142-S168. Published online May 31, 2026
The 2025 Korean Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation provide updated, evidence-based recommendations to optimize the transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life. While approximately 85% of term newborns initiate spontaneous breathing independently, timely intervention is critical for those requiring assistance. Key updates in the 2025 guidelines emphasize umbilical cord management, recommending deferred cord clamping for at least 60 seconds in vigorous term and preterm infants (<37 weeks). When deferred cord clamping cannot be performed, intact umbilical cord milking may be reasonable for nonvigorous term and late preterm infants (≥35 weeks’ gestation) and for preterm infants born between 28⁰⁄₇ and 36⁶⁄₇ weeks’ gestation who do not require immediate resuscitation. Respiratory support should be initiated within the "golden minute," starting with 21% oxygen for term and late preterm infants (≥35 weeks) and ≥30% for those <32 weeks’ gestation. The guidelines introduce video laryngoscopy as a preferred tool for less experienced providers and recognize supraglottic airways as a viable alternative to face masks or when intubation fails. For advanced resuscitation, a compression to ventilation ratio of 3:1 is maintained, with intravascular epinephrine (0.01–0.03 mg/kg) as the primary pharmacologic intervention. Notably, the use of sodium bicarbonate is no longer recommended. Discussions regarding the discontinuation of resuscitation are now suggested at approximately 20 minutes after birth if no response is observed. These guidelines aim to standardize clinical practice in Korea to improve neonatal survival and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Hyo Jin Bang, Chun Song Youn, Min Chul Kim, Yongwhan Lim, Young-Jae Cho, Bitna Chu, June-Sung Kim, Youn-Jung Kim, Byoung-Gil Yoon, Jin Park, Min-Ju Kang, Kyung Woon Jeung, Soo Hyun Kim, Je Hyeok Oh, Taegyun Kim, Sang Hoon Oh, Yong Soo Kim, Changshin Kang, Dong Hun Lee, Jin Hong Min, Hyo Joon Kim, Do Kyun Kim, Tae-Youn Kim, Youdong Sohn, Gyuhong Shim, Young Hwa Jung, Yunhee Oh, Mi Jin Lee, Jisook Lee, Chang Hee Lee, Youngbin Jang, Yong Soo Jang, Gyu Chong Cho, Kyoung-Chul Cha, Ju Sun Heo, Sung Oh Hwang, Sung Phil Chung
Clin Exp Emerg Med 2026;13(Suppl 1):S75-S100. Published online May 31, 2026
This guideline summarizes evidence-based post–cardiac arrest care following the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in adults, incorporating updates from the 2025 Korean Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and contemporary international evidence. Recommendations were informed by recent randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews, with an emphasis on patient-centered outcomes and practical clinical applications. After ROSC, early evaluation should focus on identifying reversible causes. A 12-lead electrocardiogram should be obtained promptly, with echocardiography and whole-body computed tomography performed when clinically indicated to assess cardiac function and detect noncardiac or occult etiologies. Respiratory management aims to minimize secondary brain injury by preventing hypoxemia and hyperoxemia. High inspired oxygen concentrations may be used initially, followed by titration to an appropriate oxygen saturation level once reliable measurements are available, and ventilation should target normocapnia. Hemodynamic management prioritizes adequate organ perfusion and prompt treatment of shock, including active correction of hypotension. Routine immediate coronary angiography is not recommended in patients without ST-segment elevation. However, urgent angiography is indicated in those with ST-segment elevation, cardiogenic shock, or a high likelihood of ongoing myocardial ischemia. In comatose survivors, temperature control is essential. The selected target temperature should be maintained for at least 24 hours, with active fever prevention for 36 to 72 hours. Additional intensive care unit management includes glucose control and seizure monitoring. Routine prophylactic antibiotics or anticonvulsants are not recommended. Neuroprognostication should use a multimodal approach after confounders, such as sedation and temperature management, are addressed, integrating clinical examination, electrophysiology, biomarkers, and neuroimaging to support individualized decision-making.
Tae-Youn Kim, Gyo Jin Ahn, Kyoung-Chul Cha, Dong-Hyeok Kim, Youdong Sohn, Young Song, Gyuhong Shim, Do Kyun Kim, Yunhee Oh, Jin Wi, Chun Song Youn, Myung-Lyeol Lee, Mi Jin Lee, Byung Kook Lee, Byung Heon Lee, Jisook Lee, Chang Hee Lee, Hannah Lee, Youngbin Jang, Yong Soo Jang, Young Hwa Jung, Woo Jin Jung, Sung Phil Chung, Gyu Chong Cho, Ju Sun Heo, Sung Oh Hwang
Clin Exp Emerg Med 2026;13(Suppl 1):S61-S74. Published online May 31, 2026
The 2025 update of the Korean guidelines for cardiac arrest under special circumstances incorporates new evidence and expert consensus to clarify when clinicians should modify standard resuscitation algorithms. For cardiac arrest caused by acute hyperkalemia, the guidelines suggest administering intravenous insulin with glucose; however, current evidence remains insufficient to recommend for or against routine use of sodium bicarbonate or calcium. In suspected pulmonary embolism–related cardiac arrest, thrombolytic therapy may be considered. In confirmed cases, thrombolysis, surgical embolectomy, or percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy may be appropriate, despite very low certainty of evidence. For opioid-related cardiac arrest, current evidence does not support the routine administration of naloxone in addition to standard advanced life support; however, naloxone may be administered when it is unclear whether the patient is in true cardiac arrest. The guidelines also emphasize managing cardiac arrest in the prone position. If the patient is intubated and immediate repositioning is unsafe or impractical, prone cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation may be attempted using invasive arterial pressure or end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring to guide the timing of repositioning. Immediate supination is strongly recommended for non-intubated patients. Additional updates address drowning, severe hypothermia, pregnancy, anaphylaxis, and cardiac arrest during interventional procedures, underscoring the importance of early correction of reversible causes, appropriate airway strategies, and timely consideration of extracorporeal life support in selected cases. Overall, the 2025 recommendations highlight cautious, etiology-directed interventions and explicitly grade recommendation strength and certainty to support context-sensitive clinical decision-making in high-risk and resource-variable settings.
Tae-Youn Kim, Gyo Jin Ahn, Kyoung-Chul Cha, Dong-Hyeok Kim, Youdong Sohn, Young Song, Gyuhong Shim, Do Kyun Kim, Yunhee Oh, Jin Wi, Chun Song Youn, Myung-Lyeol Lee, Mi Jin Lee, Byung Kook Lee, Byung Heon Lee, Jisook Lee, Chang Hee Lee, Hannah Lee, Youngbin Jang, Yong Soo Jang, Young Hwa Jung, Woo Jin Jung, Sung Phil Chung, Gyu Chong Cho, Ju Sun Heo, Sung Oh Hwang
Clin Exp Emerg Med 2026;13(Suppl 1):S32-S60. Published online May 31, 2026
The 2025 Korean advanced life support guidelines were updated using a structured evidence evaluation process informed by recent randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews. The guideline development group prioritized patient-important outcomes and assessed the certainty of the evidence to formulate graded recommendations. For drug administration during adult cardiac arrest, intravenous access is the preferred initial route, with intraosseous access recommended when intravenous access cannot be rapidly established. Epinephrine remains the recommended vasopressor. Routine administration of vasopressin, either alone or in combination with corticosteroids, is not recommended for in-hospital or out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. In the absence of specific indications, the routine use of buffering agents and calcium is discouraged owing to insufficient evidence of their benefits and potential harm. Defibrillation recommendations were refined based on emerging evidence. In adults with refractory ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia after multiple unsuccessful defibrillation attempts, vector change or double sequential defibrillation may be considered in selected settings when performed by experienced teams with appropriate equipment. Airway management guidelines recommend cricothyroidotomy as a rescue technique when conventional airway management strategies fail. For patients receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation while on mechanical ventilation, specific ventilator settings during chest compressions are recommended to optimize ventilation and minimize interference with high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The guidelines also address cardiopulmonary resuscitation–induced consciousness, allowing the cautious use of sedatives and/or analgesic agents when awareness interferes with resuscitation quality or safety. Overall, the guidelines emphasize evidence-based practice and individualized clinical decision-making.
Sung Oh Hwang, Kyoung-Chul Cha, Woo Jin Jung, Young-Il Roh, Gyo Jin Ahn, Do Kyun Kim, Tae-Youn Kim, Youdong Sohn, Gyuhong Shim, Young Hwa Jung, Yunhee Oh, Chun Song Youn, Mi Jin Lee, Jisook Lee, Chang Hee Lee, Youngbin Jang, Yong Soo Jang, Gyu Chong Cho, Ju Sun Heo, Sung Phil Chung
Clin Exp Emerg Med 2026;13(Suppl 1):S10-S17. Published online May 29, 2026
In Korea, more than 30,000 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) occur each year, and the survival rate remains below 10%. Because OHCA is difficult to predict and typically occurs outside medical facilities, effective management requires not only healthcare professionals but also laypersons, including bystanders and first responders. Survival depends on an uninterrupted and efficient sequence of time-critical actions: early recognition of cardiac arrest and activation of emergency services; prompt bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR); use of an automated external defibrillator (AED) for shockable rhythms; on-scene and in-hospital advanced life support with comprehensive post–cardiac arrest care; and systematic assessment of neurologic and functional outcomes followed by rehabilitation and recovery. The chain of survival describes these essential steps required to maximize survival after cardiac arrest and comprises five links: (1) early recognition and call for help; (2) immediate bystander CPR; (3) early defibrillation with an AED; (4) advanced life support and post–cardiac arrest care; and (5) rehabilitation and recovery for survivors. The cardiac arrest survival environment represents a societal infrastructure that sustains and optimizes both medical and nonmedical factors across prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation to reduce mortality. Establishing such an environment requires each community to develop integrated medical systems for prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and recovery, alongside nonmedical strategies, including public awareness initiatives, widespread CPR education and bystander participation, AED dissemination, and coordinated community responsiveness of the emergency medical system.
Sung Phil Chung, Do Kyun Kim, Tae-Youn Kim, Youdong Sohn, Gyuhong Shim, Young Hwa Jung, Yunhee Oh, Chun Song Youn, Mi Jin Lee, Jisook Lee, Chang Hee Lee, Youngbin Jang, Yong Soo Jang, Gyu Chong Cho, Kyoung-Chul Cha, Ju Sun Heo, Sung Oh Hwang
Clin Exp Emerg Med 2026;13(Suppl 1):S1-S9. Published online May 21, 2026
In response to the expanding body of research on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and updates from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation, the 2020 Korean CPR guidelines have been revised. This article presents the development process and summarizes the major updates in the 2025 Korean CPR guidelines. Seven task forces were established, with members nominated by professional societies involved in CPR. Each task force formulated key clinical questions and conducted systematic evidence reviews using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) methodology. The 2025 CPR guidelines were finalized on the basis of the reviewed evidence and consensus discussions. The major updates are as follows: (1) addition of rehabilitation and recovery to the chain of survival; (2) inclusion of guidance for dispatchers on the use of automated external defibrillators; (3) recommendation that trained rescuers provide rescue breaths in cases of drowning-related cardiac arrest; (4) suggestion of double sequential defibrillation or vector-change defibrillation for refractory ventricular fibrillation; (5) revision of the target temperature range for post-resuscitation temperature management from 32–36 to 33–37.5 °C; (6) recommendation of public access defibrillation for children aged ≥1 year; (7) suggestion to use supraglottic airway devices and video laryngoscopy in neonatal resuscitation; (8) recommendation for the use of feedback devices in CPR training; and (9) addition of a first aid section addressing cardiac arrest–related emergencies. These guidelines reflect the most current evidence, and their implementation and dissemination are expected to improve survival after cardiac arrest.
This bibliometric analysis of the 100 most cited articles on experimental cardiac arrest models in rats identifies key contributors, publication trends, research themes, and collaboration networks. A comprehensive literature search of the Web of Science database was performed on June 11, 2024, using keywords related to cardiac arrest and rat models. The top 100 most cited articles were analyzed using the biblioshiny web application from the bibliometrix R ver. 4.2.3 and categorized by primary research focus. The articles were published from 1980 to 2022 and involved 416 authors and 44 journals, averaging 106.7 citations each. The primary research themes were neurology (72%), organ transplantation (7%), cardiovascular system (6%), Cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcomes after local anesthetic toxicity (4%), and other topics (5%). The United States, Japan, and Germany were leading contributors. Major clusters identified include “cerebral ischemia and outcomes,” “brain imaging metrics,” and “blood brain barrier.” The most commonly used methodologies for cardiac arrest induction were asphyxia, induction by magnesium or potassium chloride, and electrical stimulation. This first bibliometric analysis on this topic reveals the dominance of neuroscience in experimental cardiac arrest models in rats. High-impact journals such as the Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism play critical roles in disseminating significant research. The study highlights substantial gaps in global research engagement, with minimal contributions from lower income countries and few international collaborations. This analysis provides a roadmap for future research and opportunities for more extensive international and interdisciplinary collaboration, always with a focus on scientific rigor.
Objective Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is implicated in various clinical diseases. Kallistatin attenuates oxidative stress, and its deficiency has been associated with poor neurological outcomes after cardiac arrest. The present study investigated the antioxidant mechanism through which kallistatin prevents IR injury.
Methods Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting the human kallistatin gene (SERPINA4). Following SERPINA4 knockdown, the level of kallistatin expression was measured. To induce IR injury, HUVECs were exposed to 24 h of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R). To evaluate the effect of SERPINA4 knockdown on OGD/R, cell viability and the concentration of kallistatin, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and total NO were measured.
Results SERPINA4 siRNA transfection suppressed the expression of kallistatin in HUVECs. Exposure to OGD/R reduced cell viability, and this effect was more pronounced in SERPINA4 knockdown cells compared with controls. SERPINA4 knockdown significantly reduced kallistatin concentration regardless of OGD/R, with a more pronounced effect observed without OGD/R. Furthermore, SERPINA4 knockdown significantly decreased eNOS concentrations induced by OGD/R (P<0.01) but did not significantly affect the change in total NO concentration (P=0.728).
Conclusion The knockdown of SERPINA4 resulted in increased vulnerability of HUVECs to OGD/R and significantly affected the change in eNOS level induced by OGD/R. These findings suggest that the protective effect of kallistatin against IR injury may contribute to its eNOS-promoting effect.
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Etiology-specific prognostic value of ultra-early diffusion-weighted MRI after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a multicenter cohort study Jin Hong Min, Yeonho You, Jung Soo Park, Changshin Kang, Hyun Shik Ryu, Wonjoon Jeong, Se Kwang Oh, So Young Jeon, In Ho Lee, Hye Seon Jeong, Sung Phil Chung, Rachel Beekman, Byung Kook Lee, Dong Hun Lee Critical Care.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Kallistatin Improves Lipid Metabolism and Alleviates Cardiac Hypertrophy via the SIRT1/PPAR Pathway: An Experimental Study Bing Li, Yanping Wu, Ya Li, Yonggang Yuan, Xianbo Zhou, Zesheng Xu, JinKun Wen Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Patrick J. Coppler, David J. Gagnon, Katharyn L. Flickinger, Jonathan Elmer, Clifton W. Callaway, Francis X. Guyette, Ankur Doshi, Alexis Steinberg, Cameron Dezfulian, Ari L. Moskowitz, Michael Donnino, Teresa L May, David B Seder, Jon C. Rittenberger
Clin Exp Emerg Med 2024;11(2):205-212. Published online January 29, 2024
Objective We hypothesized that the administration of amantadine would increase awakening of comatose patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest. Methods We performed a prospective, randomized, controlled pilot trial, randomizing subjects to amantadine 100 mg twice daily or placebo for up to 7 days. The study drug was administered between 72 and 120 hours after resuscitation and patients with absent N20 cortical responses, early cerebral edema, or ongoing malignant electroencephalography patterns were excluded. Our primary outcome was awakening, defined as following two-step commands, within 28 days of cardiac arrest. Secondary outcomes included length of stay, awakening, time to awakening, and neurologic outcome measured by Cerebral Performance Category at hospital discharge. We compared the proportion of subjects awakening and hospital survival using Fisher exact tests and time to awakening and hospital length of stay using Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Results After 2 years, we stopped the study due to slow enrollment and lapse of funding. We enrolled 14 subjects (12% of goal enrollment), seven in the amantadine group and seven in the placebo group. The proportion of patients who awakened within 28 days after cardiac arrest did not differ between amantadine (n=2, 28.6%) and placebo groups (n=3, 42.9%; P>0.99). There were no differences in secondary outcomes. Study medication was stopped in three subjects (21.4%). Adverse events included a recurrence of seizures (n=2; 14.3%), both of which occurred in the placebo group.
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Etiology-specific prognostic value of ultra-early diffusion-weighted MRI after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a multicenter cohort study Jin Hong Min, Yeonho You, Jung Soo Park, Changshin Kang, Hyun Shik Ryu, Wonjoon Jeong, Se Kwang Oh, So Young Jeon, In Ho Lee, Hye Seon Jeong, Sung Phil Chung, Rachel Beekman, Byung Kook Lee, Dong Hun Lee Critical Care.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of Amantadine Therapy on Neurological and Laboratory Outcomes in Post-Cardiac Arrest Intensive Care Patients: A Retrospective Analysis Mizgin Duz Taymur, Başak Pehlivan, Veli Fahri Pehlivan, Erdoğan Duran Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi.2026; 23(1): 34. CrossRef
Amantadine Continuation After Hospital Discharge for Acute Stroke Requiring Inpatient Rehabilitation: A Long-term Follow-up Study Haley R. Torr, Sara Penrod, Jennifer Cote, Sara E. Hanken, Stephanie C. Chan, Richard R. Riker, Angela Leclerc, Teresa L. May, David B. Seder, David J. Gagnon Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation.2025; 7(2): 100459. CrossRef
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European Resuscitation Council and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine guidelines 2025: post-resuscitation care Jerry P. Nolan, Claudio Sandroni, Alain Cariou, Tobias Cronberg, Sonia D’Arrigo, Kirstie Haywood, Astrid Hoedemaekers, Gisela Lilja, Nikolaos Nikolaou, Theresa Mariero Olasveengen, Chiara Robba, Markus B. Skrifvars, Paul Swindell, Jasmeet Soar Intensive Care Medicine.2025; 51(12): 2213. CrossRef
Advanced Life Support: 2025 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Consensus on Science With Treatment Recommendations Ian R. Drennan, Katherine M. Berg, Bernd W. Böttiger, Yew Woon Chia, Keith Couper, Conor Crowley, Sonia D’Arrigo, Charles D. Deakin, Shannon M. Fernando, Rakesh Garg, Asger Granfeldt, Brian Grunau, Karen G. Hirsch, Mathias J. Holmberg, Peter J. Kudenchuk, Circulation.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Drug therapy versus placebo or usual care for comatose survivors of cardiac arrest; a systematic review with meta-analysis Peter J. McGuigan, Ellen Pauley, Glenn Eastwood, Leanne M.C. Hays, Janus C. Jakobsen, Marion Moseby-Knappe, Alistair D. Nichol, Niklas Nielsen, Markus B. Skrifvars, Bronagh Blackwood, Daniel F. McAuley Resuscitation.2024; 205: 110431. CrossRef
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been increasingly employed in the emergency department for patients with a potentially reversible cause of cardiac arrest. We present the case of a young female patient with an in-hospital cardiac arrest who was found to have severe right heart strain on point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS), suggesting a massive pulmonary embolism. Rapid bedside diagnosis using ultrasound expedited bedside cannulation and initiation of ECMO as a bridge to surgical thrombectomy, and ultimately the patient survived with full neurologic function. With its ready availability and increasing acceptance by consultants, POCUS should be incorporated into cardiac arrest algorithms as the standard of care to rule in thrombotic and obstructive causes of cardiac arrest.
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Sung Phil Chung, Youdong Sohn, Jisook Lee, Youngsuk Cho, Kyoung-Chul Cha, Ju Sun Heo, Ai-Rhan Ellen Kim, Jae Guk Kim, Han-Suk Kim, Hyungoo Shin, Chiwon Ahn, Ho Geol Woo, Byung Kook Lee, Yong Soo Jang, Yu Hyeon Choi, Sung Oh Hwang, on behalf of the Guideline Committee of the Korean Association of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (KACPR)
Clin Exp Emerg Med 2023;10(4):382-392. Published online August 25, 2023
Considerable evidence has been published since the 2020 Korean Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Guidelines were reported. The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) also publishes the Consensus on CPR and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations (CoSTR) summary annually. This review provides expert opinions by reviewing the recent evidence on CPR and ILCOR treatment recommendations. The authors reviewed the CoSTR summary published by ILCOR in 2021 and 2022. PICO (patient, intervention, comparison, outcome) questions for each topic were reviewed using a systemic or scoping review methodology. Two experts were appointed for each question and reviewed the topic independently. Topics suggested by the reviewers for revision or additional description of the guidelines were discussed at a consensus conference. Forty-three questions were reviewed, including 15 on basic life support, seven on advanced life support, two on pediatric life support, 11 on neonatal life support, six on education and teams, one on first aid, and one related to COVID-19. Finally, the current Korean CPR Guideline was maintained for 28 questions, and expert opinions were suggested for 15 questions.
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Determining the cause of cardiac arrest (CA) and the heart status during CA is crucial for its treatment. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is an imaging method that facilitates close observation of the heart without interfering with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Intra-arrest TEE is a point-of-care ultrasound technique that is used during CPR. Intra-arrest TEE is performed to diagnose the cause of CA, determine the presence of cardiac contraction, evaluate the quality of CPR, assist with catheter insertion, and explore the mechanism of blood flow during CPR. The common causes of CA diagnosed using intra-arrest TEE include cardiac tamponade, aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism, and intracardiac thrombus, which can be observed on a few simple image planes at the mid-esophageal and upper esophageal positions. To operate an intra-arrest TEE program, it is necessary to secure a physician who is capable of performing TEE, provide appropriate training, establish implementation protocols, and prepare a plan in collaboration with the CPR team.
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Corticosteroids may have a beneficial effect on the outcome of cardiac arrest (CA); however, it is not known whether the timing of corticosteroid use affects the outcome. We performed a systematic review and network meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of corticosteroid administration according to the timing. A favorable final outcome, as the primary study outcome, was defined as a combination of survival with good neurologic outcome and survival for 1 year. The secondary outcome was survival to discharge. Nine clinical studies were included. Corticosteroids administered during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR; odds ratio [OR], 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11–1.51) and post-CA (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.30–1.66) had a positive effect on the favorable final outcome compared to the control protocol (no corticosteroid administration), while those used prior to CA had a negative effect. Corticosteroids administered post-CA had a positive effect on survival to discharge compared to the control protocol (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.02–3.27), while those used prior to CA and during CPR had no significant effect. Post-CA was evaluated to be the best administration timing for both outcomes. In conclusion, the timing of corticosteroid administration may be an important factor for the prognosis of CA. Corticosteroids administration post-CA and during CPR may have beneficial effects on CA outcomes.
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Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in pregnancy is extremely rare. In this case report, a 43-year-old female patient at 24.0 weeks of gestation collapsed outside her home after cardiac arrest. The paramedics performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation with defibrillation for ventricular fibrillation. Spontaneous circulation was achieved after 19 minutes. The fetus was stable during postarrest care. The patient exhibited high blood pressure with seizure-like symptoms for 2 days afterwards, which resolved with magnesium sulfate. She gradually recovered and returned to her daily activities while on treatment with beta blockers for cardiomyopathy and premature ventricular contractions until delivery. At 37.2 weeks of gestation, she underwent elective Cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. The baby weighed 2.55 kg and did not present with any complications. Here, we report a case of successful full-term delivery in a patient who underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation for sudden cardiac arrest during the second trimester of pregnancy.
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Objective This study analyzed the association of transport time interval (TTI) with survival rate and neurologic outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients without return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and the interaction effect of TTI according to prehospital airway management.
Methods A retrospective observational study based on the nationwide OHCA database from January 2013 to December 2017 was designed. Emergency medical service (EMS)-treated OHCA patients aged ≥18 years were included. TTI was categorized into four groups of quartiles (≤4, 5–7, 8–11, ≥12 minutes). The primary outcome was favorable neurologic outcome at discharge. The secondary outcome was survival to discharge from the hospital. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze outcomes according to TTI. A different effect of TTI according to the administration of prehospital EMS advanced airway was evaluated.
Results In total, 83,470 patients were analyzed. Good neurologic recovery decreased as TTI increased (1.0% for TTI ≤4 minutes, 0.9% for TTI 5–7 minutes, 0.6% for TTI 8–11 minutes, and 0.5% for TTI ≥12 minutes; P for trend <0.05). The adjusted odds ratio of prolonged TTI (≥12 minutes) was 0.73 (95% confidence interval, 0.57–0.93; P<0.01) for good neurologic recovery. However, the negative effect of prolonged TTI on neurological outcome was insignificant when advanced airway or entotracheal intubation were performed by EMS providers (adjusted odds ratio, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 0.42–3.29; P=0.76).
Conclusion EMS TTI was negatively associated with the neurologic outcome of OHCA without ROSC on scene. When advanced airway was performed on scene, TTI was insignificantly associated with the outcome.
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A scoping review was conducted to identify, map, and analyze international evidence from studies investigating the prevalence of community cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training. We searched major bibliographic databases and grey literature for original studies evaluating the prevalence of CPR training in the general population. Studies published from January 2000 to October 2020 were included without language or publication type restrictions. Seventy-three eligible papers reported a total of 61 population-based surveys conducted in 29 countries. More than three-fourths of the surveys were conducted in countries with high-income economies, and none in low-income countries. Over half of the surveys were at a subnational level. Globally, the proportion of laypeople trained in CPR varied greatly (median, 40%). For high-income countries, the median percentage was twice as high as that of upper middle-income countries (50% vs. 23%). The studies used heterogeneous survey methods and reporting patterns. Key methodological aspects were frequently not described. In summary, few studies have assessed CPR training prevalence among the general public. The rates of resuscitation training for the vast majority of countries remain unknown. High heterogeneity of studies precludes a reliable interpretation of the research. International Utstein-style consensus guidelines are needed to inform future research and reporting of public resuscitation training worldwide.
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Objective Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) education with a feedback device is known to result in better CPR skills compared to one without the feedback device. However, its long-term benefits have not been established. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term CPR skill retention after training using real-time visual manikins in comparison to that of non-feedback manikins.
Methods We recruited 120 general university students who were randomly divided into the real-time feedback group (RTFG) and the non-feedback group. Of them, 95 (RTFG, 48; non-feedback group, 47) attended basic life support and automated external defibrillation training for 1 hour. For comparison of retention of CPR skills, the two groups were evaluated based on 2-minute chest compression performed immediately after training and at 3, 6, and 9 months. The CPR parameters between the two groups were also compared using a generalized linear model.
Results At immediately after training, the performance of RTFG was better in terms of average chest compression depth (51.9±1.1 vs. 45.5±1.1, p<0.001) and a higher percentage of adequate chest compression depth (51.0±4.1 vs. 26.9±4.2, p<0.001). This significant difference was maintained until 6 months after training, but there was no difference at 9 months after training. However, there was no significant difference in the chest compression rate and the correct hand position at any time point.
Conclusion CPR training with a real-time visual feedback manikin improved skill acquisition in chest compression depth, but only until 6 months after the training. It could be a more effective educational method for basic life support training in laypersons.
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Objective There is a traditional assumption that to maximize stroke volume, the point beneath which the left ventricle (LV) is at its maximum diameter (P_max.LV) should be compressed. Thus, we aimed to derive and validate rules to estimate P_max.LV using anteroposterior chest radiography (chest_AP), which is performed for critically ill patients urgently needing determination of their personalized P_max.LV.
Methods A retrospective, cross-sectional study was performed with non-cardiac arrest adults who underwent chest_AP within 1 hour of computed tomography (derivation:validation=3:2). On chest_AP, we defined cardiac diameter (CD), distance from right cardiac border to midline (RB), and cardiac height (CH) from the carina to the uppermost point of left hemi-diaphragm. Setting point zero (0, 0) at the midpoint of the xiphisternal joint and designating leftward and upward directions as positive on x- and y-axes, we located P_max.LV (x_max.LV, y_max.LV). The coefficients of the following mathematically inferred rules were sought: x_max.LV=α0*CD-RB; y_max.LV=β0*CH+γ0 (α0: mean of [x_max.LV+RB]/CD; β0, γ0: representative coefficient and constant of linear regression model, respectively).
Results Among 360 cases (52.0±18.3 years, 102 females), we derived: x_max.LV=0.643*CD-RB and y_max.LV=55-0.390*CH. This estimated P_max.LV (19±11 mm) was as close as the averaged P_max.LV (19±11 mm, P=0.13) and closer than the three equidistant points representing the current guidelines (67±13, 56±10, and 77±17 mm; all P<0.001) to the reference identified on computed tomography. Thus, our findings were validated.
Conclusion Personalized P_max.LV can be estimated using chest_AP. Further studies with actual cardiac arrest victims are needed to verify the safety and effectiveness of the rule.
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Herbal products have been used for therapeutic purposes for a long time. However, many herbs can be toxic and even life-threatening. If refractory ventricular tachycardia (VT) is caused by herbal products and shows no response to conventional therapy, intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) therapy can be considered. We report a case of herbal intoxication leading to refractory VT, which was successfully treated with ILE therapy. A 36-year-old woman with aplastic anemia presented with mental changes. She had taken an unknown herbal decoction three days before visiting the hospital. Soon after coming to the hospital, she went into cardiac arrest. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed, and return of spontaneous circulation with VT was achieved. Synchronized cardioversion was then performed and amiodarone was administered. However, VT with pulse continued, so ILE therapy was attempted, which led to the resolution of VT.
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Objective This study aimed to analyze intracranial vessels using brain computed tomography angiography (CTA) and scoring systems to diagnose brain death and predict poor neurologic outcomes of postcardiac arrest patients.
Methods Initial brain CTA images of postcardiac arrest patients were analyzed using scoring systems to determine a lack of opacification and diagnose brain death. The primary outcome was poor neurologic outcome, which was defined as cerebral performance category score 3 to 5. The frequency, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and area under receiver operating characteristic curve for the lack of opacification of each vessel and for each scoring system used to predict poor neurologic outcomes were determined.
Results Patients with poor neurologic outcomes lacked opacification of the intracranial vessels, most commonly in the vein of Galen, both internal cerebral veins, and the mid cerebral artery (M4). The 7-score results (P=0.04) and 10-score results were significantly different (P=0.04) between outcome groups, with an area under receiver operating characteristic of 0.61 (range, 0.48 to 0.72). The lack of opacification of each intracranial vessel and all scoring systems exhibited high specificity (100%) and positive predictive values (100%) for predicting poor neurologic outcomes.
Conclusion Lack of opacification of vessels on brain CTA exhibited high specificity for predicting poor neurologic outcomes of patients after cardiac arrest.
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Objective Head elevation at an angle of 30° during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was hemodynamically beneficial compared to supine position in a previous porcine cardiac arrest experimental study. However, survival benefit of head-up elevation during CPR has not been clarified. This study aimed to assess the effect of head-up tilt position during CPR on 24-hour survival in a porcine cardiac arrest experimental model.
Methods This was a randomized experimental trial using female farm pigs (n=18, 42±3 kg) sedated, intubated, and paralyzed on a tilting surgical table. After surgical preparation, 15 minutes of untreated ventricular fibrillation was induced. Then, 6 minutes of basic life support was performed in a position randomly assigned to either head-up tilt at 30° or supine with a mechanical CPR device, LUCAS-2, and an impedance threshold device, followed by 20 minutes of advanced cardiac life support in the same position. Primary outcome was 24-hour survival, analyzed by Fisher exact test.
Results In the 8 pigs from the head-up tilt position group, one showed return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC); all eight pigs expired within 24 hours. In the eight pigs from the supine position group, six had the ROSC; six pigs survived for 24 hours and two expired. The head-up position group showed lower 24-hour survival rate and lower ROSC rate than supine position group (P<0.01).
Conclusion The use of head-up tilt position with 30 degrees during CPR showed lower 24-hour survival than the supine position.
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Objective High cholesterol level is a risk factor for coronary artery disease, and coronary artery disease is a major risk factor for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). However, the effect of cholesterol level on outcomes of OHCA has been poorly studied. This study aimed to determine the effect of cholesterol level on outcomes of OHCA.
Methods This cross-sectional study used the CAPTURES (Cardiac Arrest Pursuit Trial with Unique Registration and Epidemiologic Surveillance) project database in Korea. Multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the effect of cholesterol level on outcomes in OHCA.
Results In all, 584 cases of OHCA were analyzed; those with cholesterol levels <120 mg/dL were classified as having low total cholesterol (TC) (n=197), those with levels ranging from 120–199 mg/dL as middle TC (n=322), and those with ≥200 mg/dL as high TC (n=65). Compared to low TC, more patients with middle TC and high TC survived to discharge (9.1% vs. 22.0% and 26.2%, respectively, P=0.001). The good cerebral performance category also increased in that order (4.1 % vs. 14.6% and 23.1%, respectively, P≤0.001). Comparing middle TC and high TC with low TC, adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 1.97 (1.06 to 3.64) and 2.53 (1.08 to 5.92) for survival to discharge, respectively, and 2.53 (1.07 to 5.98) and 4.73 (1.63 to 13.71) for good neurological recovery, respectively.
Conclusion Higher cholesterol is associated with better outcomes in OHCA; cholesterol level is a good predictor of outcomes of OHCA.
Citations
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