Objective To investigate the epidemiology of sepsis in Korea and identify risk factors for death in sepsis.
Methods We conducted a longitudinal, population-based epidemiological study of sepsis in Korea from 2005 to 2012 using the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort, a population-based cohort representing 2.2% of the Korean population. The primary objective was to assess the incidence, mortality and cost of sepsis. The secondary objective was to identify the risk factors for death in sepsis. Claim records of admitted adult patients (aged ≥15 years) were analyzed. Sepsis was defined as 1) bacterial or fungal infection or the conditions they often complicate, 2) prescription of intravenous antibiotics, and 3) presence of any organ dysfunction. Comorbidities were defined using the Charlson/Deyo method. Risk factors for 6-month mortality were assessed using multivariable logistic regression.
Results A total of 22,882 cases were identified. Both incidence and 6-month mortality increased from 265.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 254.7 to 277.1) to 453.1 (95% CI, 439.0 to 467.5) per 100,000 person-years (P-trend <0.001) and from 26.5% (95% CI, 24.4% to 28.8%) to 30.1% (95% CI, 28.4% to 31.9%), respectively. After standardization, the increasing trend of incidence was slower but still significant (P-trend <0.001), while that for mortality was not (P-trend 0.883). The average cost increased by 75.5% (P-trend <0.001). Multivariable logistic regression identified various risk factors for mortality.
Conclusion The burden of sepsis in Korea was high and is expected to increase considering the aging population. Proactive measures to curtail this increase should be sought and implemented.
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Objective Suicide remains a serious, preventable public health problem. This study aims to describe the epidemiological characteristics associated with various suicide methods and to investigate outcomes after suicide-associated sudden cardiac arrest (S-SCA), stratified by different suicide attempt methods.
Methods An S-SCA database was constructed from ambulance run sheets and augmented by a review of hospital medical records from 2008 to 2010 in Korea. The cases with non-cardiac etiologies and suicide attempts were initially extracted. Suicide attempts were classified as hanging, poisoning, fall, and other. The primary end point was survival to discharge. Age- and sex-adjusted incidence rates were calculated for each suicide method. Adjusted odds ratios for outcome were calculated with adjustments for potential confounding variables.
Results A total 5,743 patients were analyzed as S-SCAs. The most common method of suicide attempt was hanging (58.7%), followed by falls (17.6%), poisoning (17.5%), and others (5.8%). The survival to discharge rates were 2.1% (n=119) overall, 2.4% in hanging, 2.4% in poisoning and 0.5% in fall, respectively. The age- and sex-adjusted incidence rates (male/female) per million persons was 32.7 (35.8/29.7) in 2008, 41.8 (46.0/37.7) in 2009, and 43.0 (50.1/36.0) in 2010. Compared with hanging, adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for survival to discharge was 1.05 (0.60 to 1.83) for poisoning and 0.08 (0.03 to 0.21) for falls.
Conclusion In this nationwide S-SCA cohort study from 2008 to 2010, the standardized incidence rate increased annually. However, the rate of survival to discharge remains very low.
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Objective We aimed to determine the incidence, processes of care, and outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) in Ansan, South Korea. Methods From the Ansan Fire Department’s (1-1-9 emergency call number) Emergency Medical Services (EMS) database, we obtained a list of adult cardiac arrest cases occurring between January 2008 and December 2011. We excluded cases with obvious non-cardiac causes, such as trauma, drowning, hanging, and asphyxia. We matched the EMS data with in-hospital care and outcome data. We analyzed basic demographic variables (age and gender), the time and place of incidence, witnesses, bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), major time variables, CPR instructions during transport, initial cardiac rhythm at the scene, and automated defibrillator use.
Results The overall incidence of OHCA in Ansan was 33.1/100,000 persons per year. Out of 778 adult OHCAs in our study population, bystander CPR was provided in 103 cases (13.2%). Of the 517 OHCAs whose initial rhythms were confirmed, 85 (16.4%) showed shockable rhythms, but only 23 (27.1%) received defibrillation at the scene or during transportation. Of the 106 patients whose spontaneous circulation returned at the hospital, only 6 (5.7%) received mild therapeutic hypothermia. During the study period, 31 patients (4%) survived to discharge from hospitals, and 6 of these discharged patients (19.4%) showed favorable neurologic outcomes. Conclusion While the survival rate from OHCA in Ansan is very low, this study provides basic information needed to create improvements. Our analysis suggests that multiple variables contribute to the low OHCA survival rate. Several of these variables are modifiable; addressing them is a clear first step toward strengthening the chain of survival from OCHA in Ansan.
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