Capsule Summary
What is already known
Lateral dislocations represent the most common type of patellar dislocation. These extra-articular dislocations are typically readily identified, and the method of reduction is generally straightforward.
What is new in the current study
Vertical dislocation is an uncommon form of intra-articular patellar dislocation. It may not be clinically apparent and may also be difficult to diagnose on plain radiographs. In this case, we describe a method for reducing this type of dislocation.
A 34-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with acute left knee pain after her 14-kg toddler jumped on her knee while she was sitting with her knees fully extended. On physical examination, a sharp bony prominence was seen anteriorly over the left knee, accompanied by mild skin tenting (
Figs. 1,
2). The medial aspect of the left patella was wedged between the femoral condyles, with the articular surface facing posterolaterally. An x-ray of the left knee was reported as demonstrating mild suprapatellar effusion, with no fracture or dislocation identified (
Figs. 3,
4). Reduction was performed under procedural sedation using intravenous propofol. The patella was grasped at its superior and inferior poles using the thumb and index finger of both hands, with both thumbs positioned medially and the index fingers positioned laterally. Lateral translational force was applied from the wedged medial aspect while external rotational torque was simultaneously applied to disengage the patella. In combination with gentle flexion of the knee, this maneuver resulted in successful reduction. Vertical patellar dislocation is a rare form of intra-articular dislocation in which the patella rotates about its vertical axis, resulting in one side of the patella becoming wedged between the trochlear groove or the femoral condyles. Most cases result from direct trauma, although spontaneous atraumatic cases have been reported [
1]. Unlike the more common extra-articular lateral dislocations, vertical dislocations are more difficult to reduce [
2]. The orientation of the dislocation can be determined by palpation to identify the smooth articular surface of the patella. A skyline-view radiograph can be helpful for identifying vertical patellar dislocation [
3], but performing this view may not be feasible because knee flexion is often limited by pain. A skyline view was initially ordered for our patient, but it was not performed by the radiographers. Reduction in an incorrect direction can result in worsening pain and additional soft tissue injury, potentially involving the quadriceps muscles, quadriceps femoris tendon, patellofemoral ligaments, and patellar retinaculum. Repeated attempts at reduction in difficult cases may lead to osteochondral trauma and may also erode patient confidence in the treating clinician. In some cases, reduction under general anesthesia, or even open reduction, may be required [
4].
The patient made a complete recovery, remained asymptomatic at the initial orthopedic surgery follow-up, and elected not to return for further scheduled reviews.
NOTES
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Ethics statement
Informed consent for publication of the research details and clinical images was obtained from the patient.
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Author contributions
Conceptualization: JSA; Investigation: all authors; Supervision: JSA, HJT; Visualization: JSA; Writing–original draft: XYS; Writing–review & editing: all authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Conflicts of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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Funding
The authors received no financial support for this study.
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Data availability
Data sharing is not applicable as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.
Fig. 1.“Dorsal fin” appearance of vertical dislocation of the left patella.
Fig. 2.Asymmetry between the appearance of the left and right patellae.
Fig. 3.Anteroposterior view of the left knee radiograph showing a normal-appearing patella. This was artifactual, resulting from slight rotation of the anteroposterior view.
Fig. 4.Lateral view of the left knee radiograph showing subtle overlap between the patella and femur, which should not be present in a normal lateral view radiograph.
REFERENCES
- 1. Garrison RT, McCabe JB. An unusual case of intra-articular dislocation of the patella. Ann Emerg Med 1984;13:557-9.
- 2. Walls RM, Hockberger RS, Gausche-Hill M, Erickson TB, Wilcox SR, editors. Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice. 10th ed. Elsevier; 2023.
- 3. Mittal S, M A, Shankar V, Singh S, Sharma P, Mittal R. Patellar inversion: 180 degree rotation of the patella around its vertical axis within the intercondylar notch. Knee 2017;24:158-62.
- 4. Corso SJ, Thal R, Forman D. Locked patellar dislocation with vertical axis rotation. A case report. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1992;(279):190-3.
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